2023-09-12
Eco-Innovation = Green Innovation = Environmental Innovation
…fewer adverse effects on the environment and more efficient use of resources (García-Granero et al., 2018, p. 305).
| Product | |
|---|---|
| 101 | Use new cleaner material or new input with lower environmental impact |
| 102 | Use of recycled materials |
| 103 | Reduction / optimization of raw material use |
| 104 | Component number reduction |
| 105 | Elimination of dirty components |
| 106 | Longer life cycle products |
| 107 | Recyclability of product |
| Process | |
| 201 | Reduce Chemical Waste |
| 202 | Reduce Use of Water |
| 203 | Reduce Use of Energy |
| 204 | Keep waste to a minimum |
| 205 | Reuse of components |
| 206 | Recycle waste, water or materials |
| 207 | Environmental-friendly technologies |
| 208 | R&D |
| 209 | Acquisition of machinery and software |
| 210 | Acquisition of patents and licenses |
| Organizational | |
| 301 | Green human resources |
| 302 | Pollution prevention plans |
| 303 | Environmental objectives |
| 304 | Environmental audit |
| 305 | Environmental advisory |
| 306 | Invest in research |
| 307 | Cooperation with stakeholders |
| 308 | New markets |
| 309 | New systems (remanufacturing systems and transport systems) |
| Marketing | |
| 401 | Returnable/reusable packaging |
| 402 | Green design packaging |
| 403 | Quality certifications |
(García-Granero et al., 2018, pp. 309–311) {.slide-cite}

Beemsterboer & Kemp (2016)
Question Is innovation in plants directed to increase yield, or resilience of crops?
Data U.S. patent data, Plant variety protection certificates & U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Variety Name List
Main Finding Innovation directed to more resilient crops, driven by local climate conditions
: relating to direction or guidance especially of thought or effort
Mulugetta et al. (2022)
Taxation and Subsidies
For example contained in,
Bidenomics
EU Green Deal
IVL - Swedish Environmental Institute (Bergquist & Söderholm, 2011)
Mazzucato (2016)